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Economic ripples from the Iran crisis start to land

The latest update to the Financial Conditions Index (FCI), which tracks stress in the UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s financial system, shows tightening financial conditions as the recent escalation in the Middle East heightens volatility. The FCI is down by 0.5, falling to +0.9 from last monthÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s +1.4 high.

While keeping the FCI in positive territory, the downshift shows how equity markets in particular are being impacted by the prospect of another energy price shock. The FTSE 100 lost 6% in the week after the conflict started. Another factor is rising private sector lending rates. This affects firms looking to borrow for investment.

As our Credit Impulse shows, new business borrowing since the Autumn Budget has been rebounding, although the pace slowed in February. If financial conditions dent this upturn, it could have a knock-on effect for UK growth.

Our UK Real Economy Barometer already shows firms that make, do and serve experienced a mild recession as 2025 ended. The UK economy fared little better in January. Measurements of both official GDP and real economy output flatlined at 0% growth. This means the UK economy goes into a potential energy-price shock with little margin to absorb it.

Read what this means for the 2026 UK Economic Outlook when we publish our new quarterly update in April. Until then, follow the latest economic headlines.

Last updated: 17 March 2026

The UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s real economy ended 2025 in a very mild technical recession after two consecutive quarters of contraction. Heading into 2026, the signals did suggest a rebound. The real economy grew 0.1% in December, retail sales rose strongly in January and business sentiment surveys were relatively buoyant.

However, the real economy lost any of the marginal momentum it gained in December to stall in January at zero growth.

Manufacturing output did rise by 0.1% and construction output by 0.2%. Yet, this wasnÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™t enough to lift the UK economy to growth as services output struggled.

The big drag came from administration and support services. Employment activities fell by 5.7% and a 3.9% drop in rental and leasing activity weighed heavily on growth. These figures emphasise just how weak both the housing and labour markets are currently.

On the consumer side, retail and wholesale activity rose by 1%. This was largely offset by a big 2.7% drop in food and beverage services output, which suggests consumers werenÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™t willing to open their wallets wider in January.

Real Economy Barometer explained

Real Economy Barometer explained

Providing clarity for business leaders operating in the UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s real economy

The Real Economy Barometer more accurately describes the economic landscape as experienced by middle-market businesses.

Focusing on the UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s goods- and service-producing sectors, it filters out certain public-sector components from official GDP data to provide business leaders with actionable insights.

How to use The Real Economy Barometer

We can better understand where growth is coming from, the factors influencing this and what it takes in the coming months to meet growth forecasts by comparing data for real economy output with official UK GDP.

Every month, following the release of official UK GDP data, our economists calculate how the real economy Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ“ accounting for 79% of the UK economy Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ“ is performing against the:

• UK economyÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s total output
• our growth forecast (currently 1.2%).

Negative values show shrinkage in the size of the economy and positive values show growth.

How we calculate The Real Economy Barometer indicator

The Real Economy Barometer strips out the impact of imputed rents, public administration, education, human health, residential care, social work, libraries and museums, and social clubs from official GDP data.

Last updated: 1 April 2026

New borrowing in February dropped to 0.4% of GDP, down from 0.6% in January. This suggests the post-Budget bounce − after firms and households held off major financial decisions until the outlook was clearer − was already tapering before the crisis in Iran started to unfold in March.

Household borrowing fell to 0.1% from 0.2% − the level itÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s held since October.

Business borrowing continued its three-month run of supporting the measure. It rose 0.3% in February, although this was down from JanuaryÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s 0.4%.

On the single-month reading, borrowing was 0.2% in February, the same as in January.

Overall, the pace of new borrowing was moving in the right direction. However, conflict in the Persian Gulf is likely to weigh on sentiment in March. This would mean households and firms cutting back on borrowing for mortgages and capital projects as they wait for uncertainty and the hit to profit margins and incomes to fade before taking on more credit.

For comparison, after the 2022 energy price shock, our Credit Impulse showed the flow of new borrowing averaged -0.7% of GDP in 2023, compared to 0.1% in 2022. This is likely to repeat itself as households and firms slow the pace at which they take on credit.

Credit impulse explained

Credit impulse explained

Measuring the UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s economic momentum

The Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Credit Impulse is a real-time snapshot of new credit flowing into the UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s private sector.

As a gauge of future economic momentum, it tracks both household and business borrowing, offering middle-market businesses insight into the direction of future growth.

How to use The Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Credit Impulse

The Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Credit Impulse gives you the ability to anticipate changes in the economic landscape.

It outlines capital investment and consumer spending intentions as a proportion of GDP.

• Positive values are a sign of good credit flows, investment and consumer confidence.
• Negative values suggest a tightening credit environment and caution in spending and investment.

How we calculate The Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Credit Impulse indicator

The Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Credit Impulse uses data from the Bank of England for lending flows and the ONS for nominal GDP. The change in lending flows is then calculated and divided by quarterly GDP to give a %.

Last updated: 11 March 2026

Taken after the rapid escalation of hostilities in the Middle East, the latest reading on our Financial Conditions Index is +0.9. This is materially lower than the +1.4 in the February update. It shows how the conflict in Iran and its associated uncertainty will impact the UK economy through weaker financial conditions.

The fall in the FCI is largely driven by a sell-off in equity markets and heightened volatility as investors recalibrate and assess the situation. This means cash will flow out of riskier assets into safe havens. Private sector lending rates also jumped by more than three-month Treasury bills in recent weeks, making borrowing for businesses more expensive.

- Equity markets: +0.6 (down from +1.1)

- Money markets: +0.5 (down from +0.9)

- Foreign exchange markets: 0.0 (up from -0.1)

- Bond markets: +0.4 (down from +0.6)

Overall, financial conditions remain in accommodative territory. However, as conditions tighten due to the conflict in Iran this will weigh on growth in the UK. We saw this at the start of the 2022 Russia-Ukraine crisis when the FCI reached a trough of -1.9 (although this was exacerbated by the mini-budget).

Financial Conditions Index explained

Financial Conditions Index explained

A real-time gauge of financial stress

The Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Financial Conditions Index (FCI) is a powerful metric that monitors the level of financial stress in the UKÓ×Å®ÊÓƵ™s money, bond, equity and foreign exchange markets.

It offers near real-time insight into financial market movements, helping business leaders to gauge how shifts might impact the broader economy and its stability.

How to use The Financial Conditions Index

The FCI shows exactly how far current financial conditions diverge from historical norms.

This means we can understand if current financial conditions are supportive of business growth, investment and consumer spending, or not.

• Positive values indicate more accommodating financial conditions and easier credit availability Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ“ prerequisites for economic expansion.
• Negative values indicate tighter financial conditions, less credit availability and higher costs Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ“ dampeners for investment, confidence and growth.

How we calculate The Financial Conditions Index indicator

Items included in the composite Ó×Å®ÊÓƵ Financial Conditions Index are normalised by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation for each series.

The FCI, as a Z-Score, indicates the number of standard deviations by which current financial conditions deviate from normal levels.